Uyghur Historian Kahar Barat Discusses Xinjiang History, Part 1

Uyghur Scholar Kahar Barat

Wang Lixiong

Two extremely compelling and intriguing voices on Xinjiang issues today are those of Wang Lixiong and Kahar Barat. Married to Woeser, an outspoken Tibetan blogger and rights advocate, Wang Lixiong himself is extremely well versed in Tibet issues and one of the most (if not the most) sympathetic Han Chinese voices speaking out on ethnic issues, both pertaining to Tibet and Xinjiang, where his views were particularly enriched and deepened by conversations he had with a Uyghur cellmate during a stint in prison for photocopying “secret” Bingtuan documents – an experience documented in his 2007 book, My East Land, Your West Country . Kahar Barat is a Uyghur scholar and intellectual widely known throughout the Uyghur diaspora for his prolific writings on Uyghur history, culture, linguistics, as well as on modern Xinjiang issues. A favorite of mine, written in Uyghur and titled “Maymaq Uyghurlar,” or “Warped Uyghurs,” is a piercing commentary on how Uyghur artists themselves willingly package Uyghur culture for consumption by the more developed Han by uncritically embracing the image of the oblivious singing-and-dancing stereotype. “Maymaq Uyghurlar” will be translated into English here soon, but for now, here is a translation from Mandarin into English of part one of an interesting and illuminating interview of Kahar Barat by Wang Lixiong, conducted in Virginia not long after the riots last year.

In part one, Barat covers the considerable period of time from the Xiongnu up to the conversion of the region to Islam. Though a serious and clearly well-informed scholar, Barat doesn’t hesitate to make clear his opinions on the relative contributions Buddhism and its successor, Islam, made to the peoples and cultural legacies of the region. Barat further discusses at length the frequently controversial issue of “continuity” between the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khanate in the 8th and 9th century and the people who have adopted the name “Uyghur” today, placing both within the framework of the gradual and inexorable Turkicization of the sprawl of grasslands stretching from Europe to Mongolia. Barat also shares some fascinating insights on the linguistic evolution of the term “Uyghur” and the complicated and obfuscating relationship the word had with the changing Chinese characters and dialects that recorded the word in the written record. There’s something fascinating to learn from this interview for historians, geographers, linguists, and anybody who can appreciate some good old fashioned Silk Road history. Translations of Parts 2 and 3 of the interview will follow shortly.

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Diaspora Uyghurs in America, Norway on Norway Terror Plot

A week ago Norway unpleasantly discovered that it, too, Nobel Peace Prizes and fjords and all, was a potential target for Al-Qaeda planned terrorist attacks. Norway’s security apparatuses revealed that they had successfully apprehended three individuals plotting to bomb targets in Norway. While the fact that a cold, unassuming, and generally uncontroversial Scandanavian country would come under the threat of an Islamic terrorist attack is pretty surprising in and of itself, another surprising facet of the case is the origin of one of the suspects, Mikael Davud, who apparently is a Uyghur who immigrated to Norway in 1999.

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Our website is a prominent “node” in online “Uyghur Issue Networks”

Last month, Professor Yu-Wen Chen of the University of Konstanz published a fascinating and illuminating study on a little-studied aspect of global Uyghur activism: a hyperlink analysis of websites on Uyghur issues with the intent of determining and illustrating the source of online “Uyghur issues” information and the extent of their reach. The report, published as part of a series on transnational politics by the Center for Global Studies at George Mason University is available in its entirety for free at this link. I invite anyone and everyone interested in Xinjiang and the Uyghurs to take a look at this paper for an eye-opening glimpse into the dynamics of the online sector of the Uyghur issues movement. Professor Chen has some interesting conclusions to make about Uyghur issues websites, commenting on the most common lingua franca, English, the disjoint between offline and online activism, and the notable lack of Central Asian countries among the international community of Uyghur diasporic websites.

Professor Chen’s paper came onto my radar over the usual course of scouting out interesting links and resources on Xinjiang that forms a routine part of my research week. I was in no way expecting to find that our website, The New Dominion, occupies a seemingly significant node in the graphical depiction of “Uyghur Issue Networks” Professor Chen has produced on page 7 of the paper (that is, if I’m interpreting the image correctly.)

Image of Online Uyghur Issue Networks by Professor Yu-wen Chen

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Translation: Public Security Foils “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” Terrorist Plot

Images of Abudurexiti Abulaiti and Yiming Semair, captured terror suspects.

A few hours ago, Public Security spokesperson Wu Heping held a news conference to divulge details on an alleged Uyghur terrorist plot that apparently was foiled by Public Security forces recently. The most comprehensive Mandarin-language report is hosted at China Net and contains a transcript of Wu’s speech as well as several photos of confiscated evidence and two of the suspects identified as ringleaders. Intriguingly, the Ministry of Public Security claims that this recent crime bust has connections with the Uyghur refugees who were deported from Cambodia in December of last year and the Kashgar and Kuche attacks that occurred in Xinjiang during the Olympic Games.

On June 24, 2010 (Thursday) at 10 o’clock, at a second-floor multi-purpose reception hall of the Asia Grand Hotel, Vice-Director of the Ministry of Public Security General Office and spokesperson Wu Heping reported information on Chinese Public Security organs thwarting a major terrorist plot. Below is a transcript of the news conference:

Wu Heping:

Friends, ladies, gentlemen, good morning to all of you. I’d like to warmly welcome everyone to the Ministry of Public Security’s news conference, the topic of today’s conference is the circumstances surrounding the recent breaking up of a terrorist plot by Chinese Public Security agencies.

Recently, Chinese Public Security agencies foiled a major terrorist plot, arresting plot leaders Abudurexiti Abulaiti (male, from Shache County, Xinjiang, 42) and Yiming Semaier (Male, from Yuepuhu County, Xinjiang, 33) and over 10 other terrorist conspirators, both key and peripheral members, seizing explosives, detonator equipment, and other various criminal implements, forcefully thwarting a terrorist conspiracy and promptly eliminating a concealed threat to social security.

Clues leading to this major terrorist plot were first discovered in 2009 in relation to an illegal border crossing case. On December, 20th, 2009, 20 individuals of Chinese citizenship illegally crossed the border into another country but were then deported and were, according to the usual practice, taken into custody by Chinese police. Afterwards, Chinese police, in line with humanitarian sentiment, quickly released 1 woman and 2 children among those individuals, even setting up living arrangements for them. The remaining 17 were, according to the law, investigated, and this revealed that three of them were fugitive terrorist suspects wanted by the police,all of whom had connections to the recently arrested  core terrorists Abudurexiti Abulaiti and Yiming Semaier.

The Public Security investigation has ascertained that terrorist ringleader Abudurexiti Abulaiti was dispatched into China by the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” from outside the country’s borders, and that Yiming Semaier is a core member of “East Turkestan” terrorist forces. This terrorist organization has planned and carried out several terrorist plots since 2008, including the vehicle attack against Public Security Frontier Defense Officers in Kashgar and the terrorist explosives attacks in Kucha carried during the Beijing Olympics; both were perpetrated by members of this terrorist organization.

During  interrogation Abudurexiti Abulaiti, Yiming Semaier, and others have confessed to traveling through Xinjiang, Henan, Guangdong, Yunnan, and other provinces, secretly carrying out extremist religious activities, developing and training members, setting up terrorist organizations, actively collecting funds, seeking in many places materials for creating improvised explosives, carrying out multiple tests explosions in preparation for the implementation of destructive terrorist activities. For the sake of making the greatest impact, from July to October of 2009 they prepared tens of improvised explosive devices, Molotov cocktails, knives, hatchets, and other implements, plotting to carry out successive, large scale attacks in Kashgar, Khotan, Aksu, and other places. When their criminal terrorist schemes were timely discovered and thwarted by Public Security agencies, a small number of key members of this terrorist group fled to Guangdong, Yunnan, and other regions; congregating in batches and exiting the country from the southwest border areas of the nation. During their escape, the collectively swore an oath to join the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” terrorist organization, to send pictures and other personal information to the email addresses of “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” ringleaders, seek out specific escape routes, and, in doing so, attempt to join the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” terrorist organization abroad. Public Security agencies have learned that these individuals received support and funds from representatives of “East Turkestan” organizations during the process of their escape across borders.

The vanquishing of this major terrorist organization once again proves that the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” and other terrorist organizations are the main terrorist threats our country faces both presently and in the coming future. Chinese Public Security agencies will firmly uphold and fulfill the resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council and strike a serious blow to every type of terrorist activity, conscientiously protecting social stability.

That’s all for today’s news conference. Thank you.

Pantusov’s introduction to Mulla Bilal’s Holy War in China

The following is a translation from Russian of Pantusov’s introduction to his printed text version of Mullā Bilāl’s 1876 Ghazāt dar mulk-i Chín (“Holy War in China,” Russian Война мусульманъ противъ китайцевъ). This version was published in Kazan’ in two volumes: the 1880 volume contained the introduction and the annotated text itself, while the 1881 volume contained an extended glossary and further notes to the text.

Mullā Bilāl’s lengthy text, which is mostly verse and partly prose, is a remarkable source for the history of the Ili Valley in the 1860s and 1870s. This was a source for Ho-dong Kim’s excellent book Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877, a must-read for anyone interested in Xinjiang.

But I’ll let Pantusov do the talking. (Note that his introduction is inaccurate in places and displays the prejudices of a Russian orientalist of the 19 c. The New Dominion does not necessarily share any of the opinions presented below.) Continue Reading »

Color-coded Guide to Eastern Provinces-to-Xinjiang Economic Aid Pairing

Part of the major support package unveiled by the central government on May 20 is a plan to pair  China’s wealthier provinces and municipalities of the East to jurisdictions in Xinjiang. Just recently, the Beijing Review wrote an article on the pairing project providing more details regarding whose money will be going where, and for what purpose. Given the novelty of this plan, the obscurity to many people of various Xinjiang jurisdictions, and general interest as to what’s really happening with this ambitious project, I hastily have put together a color coded map that hopefully will help readers visualize the East-to-West partnership the government is attempting here.

color-coded-xinjiang color-coded-east

Beijing Municipality XPCC Div. 14
Khotan City
Khotan County
Moyu County
Lop County
7.26 billion RMB for housing and agriculture
Guangdong Province Tumushuke City
Shufu County
Jiashi County
9.6 billion RMB for infrastructure construction and public services
Shenzhen Kashgar City
Tashkorgan County
financing, technologies, talent and management expertise
Jiangsu Province XPCC Div. 4 and 7
Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Atushi City
Akqi County
Wuqia County
“people’s livelihood,” education, vocational training, oil pipeline projects
Shanghai Municipality Bachu County
Shache County
Zepu County
Yecheng County
earthquake-resistant housing, vocational training, agricultural facilities
Shandong Province Shule County
Yengisar County
Markit County
Yopurga County
earthquake-resistant housing projects, safe drinking water
Zhejiang Province Ala’er City
Aksu Prefecture
16.7 billion RMB for industry, modern agriculture, social welfare
Liaoning Province Tacheng Prefecture 180 million RMB for disaster relief from 2009 blizzard, job training, modern agriculture
Henan Province Hami Prefecture
XPCC Div. 13
orchards, protected agriculture, reconstruction of dilapidated houses
Hebei Province XPCC Div. 2
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture
1.8 billion RMB for agricultural technologies, housing, employment, education
Shanxi Province Wujiaqu City
Fukang City
coal mining, education, reconstruction in “shanty” areas
Fujian Province Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture textiles, social welfare, rural infrastructure
Hunan Province Turpan Prefecture housing, coal mining
Hubei Province Bole City
Jinghe County
Wenquan County
XPCC Div. 5
protected agriculture, tourism, education
Anhui Province Pishan County 1.3 billion RMB for protected agriculture and modern industries
Tianjin Municipality Minfeng County
Qira County
Yutian County
fruit processing, railways and roads
Heilongjiang Province XPCC Div. 10
Fuhai County
Fuyun County
Qinghe County
mining, education, job training
Jiangxi Province Akto County 2.07 billion RMB in infrastructure, education, people’s livelihoods
Jilin Province Altay City
Habahe County
Burqin County
Jimunai County
flood prevention, people’s livelihoods

Xinhua Deputy Chief Editor Reveals New Details of the Urumqi Riots

A 15 May lecture by Xinhua Deputy Chief Editor Xia Lin (夏林) at Tianjin Foreign Studies University began making the English-language media rounds today. You can find the English translation of the lecture, transcribed by an attendee but not yet verified, here at China Digital Times. Among other revelations, Xia Lin discusses details of the 5 July riots in Urumqi and the role of the media during and after the incident.

Xia stated that several details of the violence were kept from the public in order to preserve broader social harmony, while Xinhua journalists reported sensitive information directly to the government. This included the rioters’ organized and deliberate burning of buses full of people, the decapitation of a child and display of his head on a highway overpass, the humiliation of a dead woman, and other acts of brutality. We have no way of verifying this at this time.

More revealing to me is Xia’s casual remark that the rioters seen in the photographs were tattooed and bare-chested, that they “had nothing.” Is this an interpretation of ethnic violence through the eyes of class conflict? Is it an accurate assessment of the Uyghurs who took to the streets? Many young Uyghur men have tattoos that they grow ashamed of later in life, since they represent the excesses of a more reckless youth, though I, for one, have never learned the secrets of any of these marks. The causes and the unfolding of the riots remain a mystery, but perhaps this is a clue.

Blogger Sends Refreshingly Thoughtful Reflections and Suggestions to Secretary Zhang

Civil Rights activists on blogger Luqi Piaopiao's banner.

I hope anyone and everyone interested in social justice and ethnic issues in China will take the time to read the letter a Hui individual in Xinjiang has sent to the new Secretary, Zhang Chunxian. It is translated into English below.

I’ll come clean. Reading this letter has made me extremely excited and has thrown a significant amount of optimism into what generally is a personal reservoir of negativity regarding the situation in Xinjiang.

On one hand, this is just a blog post, and, as pretty much most of us blogosphere residents have learned first hand, blog posts can only do so much (if anything at all).

On the other hand, it has always been my conviction that the most probable and fair solution to the “Xinjiang Problem” is a broad, consciousness-raising social movement, a Civil Rights movement, if you will, with both Uyghurs and Han participants, that asserts Uyghur ethnic identity and political rights through creative work, political participation, legal challenges, and civil disobedience.

Such a movement can only work if members of the majority stakeholders, in this case, the Han, participate. Until then, it will only be perceived with hostility as a proto-nationalist separatist movement with harmful designs on the People’s Republic of China. I believe, unfortunately, it is on this point that a resolution to Xinjiang issues is most distant: allies among the PRC majority are few and far between. Besides Wang Lixiong, there are hardly any Han allies to the Uyghur case, and Wang is derided enough as is.

Enter Hui blogger Lüqi Piaopiao (his Chinese pseudonym, 绿旗飘飘), who goes by Green Flag in English. In some ways it is perfectly appropriate that a Hui individual, a Muslim of otherwise “Han” cultural and linguistic background, would be the person who would write the most thorough, fair, and empathetic defense of Uyghur issues I have seen thus far. Green Flag’s exhortations nail, in my opinion, almost every “real issue” that can significantly contribute to solving problems in Xinjiang: respect for the existing legal framework, the concept of genuine autonomy, bringing about tranquility and content through loosening, rather than tightening, religious policy, cultural education for government leaders, and more. But it would be a mistake on my part to put words in Green Flag’s mouth, since he speaks quite wonderfully on his own.

Writing on a blog with a banner that prominently features Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, Green Flag conspicuously associates his efforts as a social activist with the style of consciousness-raising social movements that I have come to conclude is the only practical hope for the region. It is with great excitement and optimism, then, that I’ve translated Green Flag’s letter to Zhang Chunxian into English, hoping that in this small way I can contribute to the work of someone, on the ground, in China, who truly has the right ideas. Please read and share!

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Uyghur Signage Gets a Facelift in Urumqi After Riots

In Xinjiang, there’s a common saying among Uyghurs that “Chinese characters are the eyes, and Uyghur characters are just the eyebrows.” If I remember the Uyghur correctly–don’t quote me here–I believe it’s something along the lines of “Xenzuche közliri, Uyghurche qashliri.” It’s something to that effect, and what it means is that in signs throughout many cities the Uyghur characters are tiny, almost illegible specks above much larger Chinese characters. Granted, bilingual signage in Xinjiang frequently is like bilingual signage in Canada: in some places, like Vancouver, the French is a bit ridiculous and thrown on there because of the legal requirement. However, there are other places where the disproportion is a bit more telling; when I was told the above saying, the Uyghur I was speaking to was referring to the main sign of Erdaoqiao Market, which is ostensibly and arguably supposed to be a very “Uyghur” place.

Uyghur and Mandarin characters on sign at Erdaoqiao Market
Image by Grazulis, originally at Flickr. Some Rights Reserved.

Several days ago the continuously superb Xinjiang blog, Autonomous Region, noted from an April 2010 picture that on new signs in the Shanxi Xiang area, Uyghur characters have undergone a transformation and are now written as large as, if not larger than, Chinese characters. This is appropriate, of course, because this region of Urumqi is predominantly Uyghur.

Shanxi Xiang Neighborhood in Urumqi | View Larger Map

The catch–and in my limited experience there’s almost always a catch–is that rather than relaying the names of the stores or the type of wares they are hawking, the new, culturally sensitive signs instead broadcast the typical, trite ethnic unity slogans that, for some reason, the government thinks is somehow effective. Autonomous Region has already translated a few of the signs, though I hope he doesn’t mind of we take a closer look at the new slogans, sharing in particular the Uyghur phrases for any of our readers learning Uyghur, or at least interested in looking how the slogans vary and overlap between the two languages.

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Guangdong TV News Blurb on Opening of Xinjiang Internet

From an article at QQ, here’s a blurb of a TV report, apparently named “Morning in Guangdong” (广东早晨) that briefly mentioned the opening of Internet in Xinjiang.

 

Translation: Diligently Protect a Healthy and Open Internet Environment

Along with the “Open Letter” to Xinjiang Netizens, Tianshan Net also published an article by a commentator on the significance of the reopening of the Internet and the responsibilities expected of netizens now that everything is back to normal. Here is our translation:

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Translation: An Open Letter to All Netizen Friends Throughout Xinjiang

As part of the announcement of the reopening of the Internet in Xinjiang, the regional government wrote an “Open Letter” to the Internet users of Xinjiang. Below is our translation of the letter.

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